Ultural concerns and influences Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Ultural concerns and influences - Research Paper Example But, it is observed that the culture which is in maximum contact with American society is the African culture. The ethnicity of US society is a collection of different ethnic group due to migration issue. America is like a boiling pot which mixes the diverse ethnicity and race within the society. Another important feature of the American culture is its plurality and unity. So, American culture can be termed as a new way of living due to collection of different value system, historical background, geography, norms and immigration issues (Constructive Elements of American Culture, n.d.). Owing to these reasons for understanding this culture and society requires studying of human process and about the culture of the immigrants. This influx of immigrants to US is posing as a major challenge for CJS or criminal justice system. It is also evident that little attention about the criminal justice system had been paid by the social science researcher on the issue of immigrants. Recently condu cted researches also revealed cultural diversity is one of the major concerns of the criminal justice professionals. ... It may be the climate, geography, community size, and its economic position - agrarian, service and industry. This ecological factor lays a major impact on the culture and history of the community. In small communities, which is based on agrarian occupation an immediate link between the community members and the criminal justice official is present due to their social affiliation. In this kind of scenario most of the problems are resolved informally rather than following formal procedures. On the other hand, the industrial ecology brings in immigrants with different set of values which contradicts with the local inhabitants. This complex situation creates a heterogeneous environment for criminal justice system. Large communities of urban industrial origin also create much more complexity for the criminal justice professionals. It is owing to the fact values and demands of community members differ and that is why the service expected by them from criminal justice system varies greatly . These results in incorporation of bureaucracy within the system in a large extent and the officials may not be easily available also for personally meeting the community members. Geographical condition also creates social problems, for example in Las Vegas many drifters, criminals and tourists come in search of excitement. On the other hand illegal immigration problems persist in Texas, California and border of Mexico. This helps to understand the uniqueness of the problem faced by the criminal justice system. Political condition also affects the criminal justice system. As for example, the NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People) is an organized

Great chain of being Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Great chain of being - Term Paper Example However, the passage of time saw this trend slowly fade away and the classes that were hitherto much respected soon lost significance. A good example of this can be seen from the Tudor Dynasty which tried as hard as it could to maintain the existence of the classes but at the same time developed policies that weakened the chain further. According to Bucholz and Key (87), the Great Chain of Being was a system of governance that classified the English people by class, age and sex. From the divisions, it was able to differentiate who was and was not a knight, an esquire, or a gentleman (Bucholz and Key 11). The first of this class was the royalty and gentlemen who were the rulers of the community. This was the followed by the gentlemen and even among the gentlemen, there were still classes where the first and principal were the king, dukes, among others while next to these were knights, esquires, and simple gentlemen. Despite the strong social hierarchy, the passage of time saw this chain becoming weaker and weaker with the climax coming during the Tudor Dynasty. However, the Tudor Dynasty struggled to maintain the chain but at the same time carried out policies and actions that only led to weaken the Great Chain of Being further (Key and Bucholz 17). In the beginning of the 15th century, the England went through a series of wars that affected both the economy and leadership of the nation. Following the war that was going on in the West Country, the king together with his advisers chose Richard, the then duke of York to be the protector of the Realm. By 1461, the duke of Yolk rebelled against the Lancastrian monarchy that he had sworn to serve loyally. Soon after Richard had taken the throne, he was killed in cold blood by his own son Edward who took power in 1461. However, the Lancastrians went on making rival claims based on origin as well as formal vows of loyalty and this led to widespread violence in the entire country. During the 1460’s and

The Difference Between Walmart And Procter Gamble Information Technology Essay

The Difference Between Walmart And Procter Gamble Information Technology Essay In late 1980s, Procter Gamble, the manufacturer and Wal-Mart, the distributor started to practice vendor managed inventory (VMI) partnership. Their success on increasing efficiency of supply chain immediately trumpeted other organization like Campbell Soup, Johnson Johnson, Glaxosmithkline ¼Ã…’Electrolux Italia ¼Ã…’Nestle and Tesco, and also Boeing and Alcoa, to apply VMI approach. VMI is a business model which is first implemented and common among grocery industry. Vendor or supplier usually refers to manufacturer. Instead of having the customers, often distributors, to place order to vendors,, as in traditional replenishment process, VMI created a value added service in which vendors have full responsibility on maintaining agreed level of inventories for distributors. Through VMI software, manufacturers either able to monitor and access distributors actual inventory level, or distributors will send sales and inventory data via Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) or internet on pre-arrange schedule, typically on daily basis. Manufacturers then make resupply decisions regarding order quantities, timing, and shipping based on mutually agreed stock levels, fill rates, and transaction costs. Yes, the researcher agreed that VMI provides significant benefits to an organization. Therefore, exploring the benefits arise from implementation of VMI, would be the next focus for this paper. The paper also objectives to examine the disadvantages involved in the application of VMI for both distributors and manufacturers. 2.0 : VENDOR MANAGED INVENTORY Advantages The advantages were introduced in terms of manufacturers, distributors, not to forget dual benefits. 2.1.1 For manufacturers Increased productivity More efficient own inventory control Increased customer relationship Improved market analysis Increased sales Cost reduction VMI Benefits for Manufacturers Figure 1: VMI Benefits for Manufacturers Source: The Researcher Cost reduction Administration cost, operating cost, transportation cost and many more are decreased because of lesser order problem like bad data, and decreasing unexpected order. Increased sales This is the quickest advantage as sales could be rise to 5-25%. This mainly due to increased sales of their customers, contributed by lesser stock out problems, together with improved product mix, as a result of better demand visibility. Market share also increased because distributors could experience lower cost, greater profitability, and improved service from manufacturers. Another factor is better collaborative planning for special sales such as promotion. Improved market analysis More frequent and direct communication allowed better insight in customer demand. This enables easier market analysis and created opportunities to provide other value added services. Increased customer relationship Manufacturers secured its customers by providing continuous supply, avoiding out of stock problems. VMI also assured long term relationship together with steady and predictable income as long as manufacturers still carrying the task of maintaining a predetermined stock for its customers, often a distributor. More efficient own inventory control With the ability to monitor and keep track its customers actual sales and inventory, manufacturers able to forecast demand, hence better plan and control its own inventory, for instance, keeping just enough stock for manufacturing and resupply for its customer. Increased communication also allows promotion to be easily incorporated into inventory plan. Increased productivity Manufacturers productivity is increased because monitoring customers stock regularly enable manufacturers to control its own inventory more efficiently, thus manufacturing operations could be schedule more productively. 2.1.2 For distributors Improved service Increased sales Cost saving Lesser stock-out Lower inventory level VMI Benefits for Manufacturers Figure 2: VMI Benefits for Distributors Source: The Researcher Lower inventory level Manufacturers have greater responsibility to ensure availability of inventories, by ordering replenishment when inventories fall below order point. Frequent review of inventories and demand information enable manufacturers to more accurately control lead time component of order point calculations, hence reducing safety stock. Lesser stock-out or shortage The theory and reasons is just the same as for reducing safety stock and inventory level, which is automatic replenishment by supplier before stock-out, and better order calculation due to increased visibility of actual demand. Having manufacturers to monitor its own items also allows better respond to unexpected demand compared to typical distributors managing bulks of items from different manufacturers. Cost saving Administration cost is reduced. Since manufacturers in charge of stock replenishment, the cost involves for managing replenishment, generating purchase order and other administration task is eliminated. Distributors will then require lesser time and effort in ordering. Cost involved in bad or wrong order is eliminated too. VMI also decreased cost of carrying stock. Increased sales VMI leads to fewer out-of-stock situations. This simply means higher sales, as lesser sales opportunities are lost, and customer loyalty is improved. Increased visibility in demand ensured the right products always available at right time and right place. Frequent communication also allow better collaborations with suppliers in planning for new product introduction, promotions, and exceptional demand, allowing distributors to enjoy full advantage of special sales opportunities. Improved service Having correct items at correct moment improved overall service level. Manufacturers practicing VMI also keen to provide better service to distributors. 2.1.3 Dual Benefits In addition to the above advantages, both manufacturers and distributors benefit from shortening of supply chain. Human data entry errors were avoided through computer to computer communication, which also improve processing speed. Next, overhead is lowered due to automated VMI. Another consequence would be stronger ties and true partnership between manufacturers and distributors. Furthermore, timing of purchase orders was stabilized on a predefined basis, for example once weekly purchase order cycle. Disadvantages The researcher also identified some disadvantages. Firstly, manufacturers might need additional effort and cost to undertake resupply activities which is previously carried out by distributors themselves. Therefore, manufacturers must guaranteed substantial amount of gross profit and sales to cover those extra expenses. Secondly, since distributors are excluded from forecasting demand, inaccurate forecast might occur. In terms of distributors, dependency on single source of supply gives disadvantages when suppliers unable to meet its commitment. Distributors also faced potential in losing confidential information since manufacturers are given access to its data. There is also possibility of job losing as replenishment tasks are transferred back to manufacturers. Implementing VMI also means distributors unable to enjoy bulk purchase discount, promotion, and forward buying. Another risk is that lacking of advanced information technology could results in outdated and incorrect information sharing. Besides cost of technology, application of VMI also involved cost of training and changing organization. Moreover, the success of VMI is hugely determined by the strength of relationship between manufacturers and distributors. For instance, lack of trust in data exchange could leads to ineffective implementation, including inventory invisibility and inventory imbalance. Since VMI increased dependency on both parties, switching cost is raised and these created difficulties in switching. Flexibility is loss through VMI because special events or promotions required beforehand communication in order to eliminate replenishment mistake. The next concern is that VMI which encouraged lower inventory contributed to loss of shelf space at distributors selling area. This decreases attention of their buyers, hence market share are loss. However, they are ways to overcome these disadvantages. Take the above example, shelf space could be filled with other items from same vendor. Furthermore, achieving mutual agreement before applying VMI would creates mutual trust, therefore strengthens relationship and partnership between manufacturers and distributors, thus better price and transaction, resulted in better service to the end customers, which will then generate significant benefits for both parties. 3.0 : CONCLUSION Procter Gamble and Wal-Mart appears to be the pioneer and master of VMI, a supply chain practice which is popularized among grocery industry since late 1980s. As oppose to traditional business model where distributors initiate purchasing order, buying decision in VMI are shifted back to vendors, often manufacturers. This is an automated process where manufacturers automatically make resupply decision, ensuring certain amount of stock is available for distributors to meet consumer demand. Manufacturers are given access to real-time sales and inventory level, where electronic data will be sent by distributors to manufacturers through EDI or internet. Under VMI partnership, both manufacturer and distributor are bound by agreement which determines information like inventory level, refill rates, cost, and shipping. The researcher agreed that VMI created numerous advantages for both manufacturers and distributors. Examples include increased sales, cost reduction, lower inventory level, lesser stock-out, improved service, improved productivity, improved market analysis, shortening of supply chain, improved processing speed, stronger partnership and many more. Nevertheless, VMI have disadvantages too. These incorporate additional effort and cost for manufacturers, inaccurate demand forecast, dependency on single source of supply, loss of confidential information, loss of job, loss of purchase discount, outdated and incorrect information sharing due to lacking of advance technology, cost of training, changing organization, increased dependency, increased switching cost, loss of flexibility, loss of shelf space, and loss of market share. As conclusion, the researcher recognized that VMI could be structured properly in order to maximize its advantages and minimize its disadvantages. To illustrate, good flow of information is key to success in VMI application. Thus, it is necessary to allow information sharing by ensuring an open communication channel. Implementing a well-structured VMI also required good understanding of VMI as well as training of staff. Other measures to avoid VMI failure includes clarify expectation, and achieve an agreement between manufacturers and distributors regarding factors such as lead time, cost, and information sharing.

The Thin Gender Line in Macbeth Essay -- Macbeth essays

The Thin Gender Line in Macbeth      Ã‚   Some people would do anything to get what they want. The characters of Macbeth are no exception.   Shakespeare creates people who either strive for, or abuse authority.   The men and women in Macbeth have varying degrees of guilt, power, and integrity.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚   In order to compare the genders in Macbeth, one must understand how women were treated in Shakespeare's time.   The great Queen Elizabeth I died three years prior to the writing of Macbeth, and yet her reign made little difference on the matter of women's rights.   "At the time of Queen Elizabeth's death, almost everyone of both sexes agreed that the female intelligence was less than that of the male" (Fraser 4).   Women were considered to be the "weaker vessel" (Fraser 4).   A woman was forced to marry a man of her father's choosing and then was under the complete control of her husband (Fraser 5).   When Macbeth was written, women were supposed to be virtuous, submissive, maternal, and nonviolent.   However, men also saw women as temptresses and felt that they were more susceptible to the devil's influence (Fraser 5).   Most women of that time had little control over their own lives.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Lady Macbeth is the antithesis of what a woman was supposed to be.   She is ruthless, bloodthirsty, and non-maternal.   She would have "dashed the brains out" of her own child to suit her ambitions (1.7.64).   Lady Macbeth is not content with a bit part in the drama; she wants center stage.   She seems almost ashamed of her frail sex.   "Come, you spirits, that tend on mortal thoughts, unsex me here, and fill me from the crown to the toe, top-full of direst cruelty!" (1.5.44-47).   Lady Macbeth has much in common with the weird sisters. Th... ... their gender and those who are the total opposite.   He proves that both sexes can be ruthless, and do anything to achieve their objective.  Ã‚   The line between genders is thin, and is crossed in Macbeth quite often.    Works Cited Fraser, Antonia.   The Weaker Vessel.   New York: Alfred A. Knopf, Inc. 1984. Mahood, M.M. "Shakespeare's Wordplay". Shakespeare: Macbeth. Ed. John Wain.  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Nashville: Aurora Publishers Inc. 1970. Shakespeare, William. Macbeth. Folger Library General Reader's Shakespeare. New  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   York: Washington Sq. Press. 1959. Waith, Eugene.   "Manhood and Valor in Macbeth". Twentieth Century Interpretations of  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Macbeth. Ed. Terence Hawkes. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall Inc. 1977. Wills, Garry. Witches and Jesuits: Shakespeare's Macbeth. New York: Oxford University  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Press, 1995.

Creative Brief Essay

Is to increase the consumption of milk among the teenage group so that they would drink less sugary and carbonated drinks that would harm their health . The Product Milk is by far the healthiest beverage after water . Milk helps to strengthen the bones and the teeth . Milk drinking drops off sharply in the teenage years because it is considered to be uncool and most of teenagers are worried about the calories and fat . Part of it has to do with the lack of flavours and the packaging being dull . This is what we found out about the product we decided to help , which is HL Milk by Marigold . Target Audience Our target audience would be males and females aged from 16 to 25 years old .Milk is a beverage that every parent would tell their kids to drink as children , though most of them still drink milk for breakfast but they still choose to drink other drinks like coke , pepsi or ribena .Milk has become less relevant to their lifestyles . They think milk doesn’t go well with foods like Mcd , Pizza and KFC . Why they choose soft drinks is because the soft drinks are exciting , versatile and its an acceptable alternative to milk . Promise and support Promise Todays milk can help the teenagers become strong and dynamic . Looking at the hectic schedule teenagers have these days ,it is recommended to drink milk to help them feel fresh and energized the whole day . Support. Milk has the nutrition the body needs to look and feel dynamic. Today most teenage athletes and famous teen celebrities drink milk . Ice –cold milk taste great especially with HL Milk`s 3 new taste which are peach , coffee and mango . It has a more refreshing taste to it . Not to heavy nor to creamy . Its light and smooth . Brand personality. The personality now of HL Milk is dull and there isn’t any attractive colours that would attract a consumer to get it . Some consumers especially teenagers look at the packaging before purchasing products . If its attractive and youthful they would purchase it .The old packaging is very practical and conservative as it only has 2 colours with no pictures on the box . The needed personality for teenagers to buy the HL Milk would be exhuberant , contemparory and youthful . The packaging would suit the lifestyle of the teenagers . The would be shy to drink milk in public .

Literature review Essay

A reasonable risk assessment of sex offenders, when combined with good parole supervision and a community-based treatment program aimed at relapse prevention, effectively reduces recidivism. This was the finding of a study conducted by Wilson, Stewart, Stirpe, Barrett, and Cripps in Canada. Published in 2000, the study covered 107 sex offenders who were released to the custody of the Central Ontario District during a period of eight years starting in 1990. According to the authors, their study outlined the general principles laid down by Motiuk, Belcourt, and Bonta in 1995, namely: careful and continuous evaluation of offender risk which ensures that highly dangerous offenders were not allowed to return to the community by sentencing them to life in prison; focusing on criminal behavior when conducting intervention programs with the help of qualified psychologists; effective monitoring of the returning offenders’ activities in the community by employing only competent parole personnel trained in the principles of relapse prevention; and an honest exchange of information among the relatives of sex offenders, the parole personnel, and the treatment staff in order to achieve the right mix of treatment intervention and parole supervision. Wilson et al (2000) found that the strategy resulted to a low 3. 7% recidivism compared to the 5. 4% cited by the study of Motiuk and Brown, and the 6.3% recidivism rate which came out of the study conducted by Barbaree, Seto, and Maric. Both studies were completed in 1996 (Wilson, Stewart, Stirpe, Barrett, and Cripps, 2000). In West Virginia, Gordon and Weldon (2003). Examined the effect of educational programs on recidivism. Studying the records of inmates who attended the General Educational Development (GED) and the Vocational training programs conducted from 1999-2000 at Huttonsville Correctional Center, they found that a recidivism rate of 8. 75% was recorded for those who completed the vocational training program. Inmates who went through both the vocational training program and the GED, on the other hand, reported a lower 6. 71% recidivism rate. Both figures were way below the recidivism rate of 26% which was observed on inmates who did not participate in either educational program. These results were comparative to the findings of a study made by Mace in 1978 of 320 inmates who were discharged from correctional institutions in West Virginia in 1973. Out of the 320, 76 were rearrested after four years, 21 (or 6. 56%) of whom were products of educational programs behind bars while 55 (or 17. 19%) did not attend any educational program while being incarcerated (Gordon and Weldon, 2003). Meanwhile, two cost-effective programs were the subject of an article authored by Harvey Shrum in 2004. Published in the Journal of Correctional Education, the article discussed two additional practices called logotherapy and intensive journal which, according to him, were better at reducing â€Å"future criminality† of both offenders and potential offenders than punishment and surveillance-based programs. Logotherapy, which means â€Å"health through meaning,† was developed by Dr. Viktor Frankl as an effective substitute to the 12-step program of rehabilitation for drug and alcohol abusers generally accepted by most parole boards. The program aims to provide inmates with a â€Å"purpose and direction in life. † Introduced forty years ago to inmates of a California Rehabilitation Center, program participants reported a recidivism rate of 5. 5%. When it was re-introduced to nineteen inmates of Folsom State Prison in 1998, the three participants who were released on parole reported a zero percent recidivism by year 2004. Intensive journal, on the other hand, was first introduced at Folsom State Prison in 1992. Created by Dr. Ira Progoff, it is a â€Å"method of self-development† that makes use of writing exercises. Inmates were made to write about their experiences, relationships with their families, their jobs and health, and the meaning that they give to their lives in a journal. These journals were reviewed and feedbacks were provided. By 2002, ten years after the program was introduced, no participant was ever rearrested (Shrum, 2004). The debate on the value of using recidivism to measure the effectiveness and efficiency of correctional programs continues and, in fact, polarized justice scholars. A dissenting opinion was voiced by Thomas in 2005 when he said that prison facilities and programs have no influence over the behavior of inmates once they return to their communities. He argued that communities are influenced by certain social, cultural, and economic factors which are beyond the control of prison facilities. Policymakers and academics, however, refuse to budge. They insist that there is no other, better measure than the rate of recidivism. According to these academics and policymakers, effective rehabilitation measures should be able to provide inmates with coping mechanisms necessary for them to deal with the â€Å"economic, social, and cultural stresses of post-release life. † In the same vein, they argue that effective deterrence programs should produce inmates who should have learned enough lessons during incarceration to dissuade them from returning to a life of crime. In both cases, they maintain that low recidivism should be the direct result. Although inclined towards the use of recidivism, Maxwell, in an article entitled: â€Å"Rethinking the Broad Sweep of Recidivism: A Task for Evaluators,† suggested that academics should not stop looking for less familiar methods of approaching the problem while policymakers should maintain an open mind so that like policy questions could be considered more objectively (Maxwell, 2005). References Gordon, H. R. D., and Weldon, B. (2003). The Impact of Career and Technical Education Programs on Adult Offenders: Learning Behind Bars. Journal of Correctional Education, 54, 4, 200-209. Maxwell, S. R. (2005). RETHINKING THE BROAD SWEEP OF RECIDIVISM: A TASK FOR EVALUATORS. Criminology & Public Policy, 4, 3, 519-526. Shrum, H. (2004). No Longer Theory: Correctional Practices That Work. Journal of Correctional Education, 55, 3, 225-235. Wilson, R. J. , Stewart, L. , Stirpe, T. , Barrett, M. , and Cripps, J. E. (2000). Community-based sex offender management: Combining parole supervision and treatment to reduce recidivism. Canadian Journal of Criminology, 42, 2, 177-188.